Constraints associated with captivity alter craniomandibular integration in wild boar

The domestication process is associated with substantial phenotypic changes through time. However, although morphological integration between biological structures purported to have a major influence on the evolution of new morphologies, little attention has been paid magnitude integration. Here, we assessed constraints captivity, considered as one crucial first steps in process, cranial and mandibular structures. We investigated craniomandibular Western European Sus scrofa using three-dimensional (3D) landmark-based geometric morphometrics. Our results suggest that captivity lower level cranium mandible. Plastic responses can thus affect key functional These findings underline critical need develop studies context animal better understand processes accountable for set-up domestic phenotypes